The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams free essay sample

An examination of the effects an absent father can have on his family as seen by Tennessee Williams. In this paper the author looks at the characters in this play by Tennessee Williams. The author notes that despite the main character actual absence absent from the play, he has a profound impact on all the other characters and all their actions and emotions are centered on him. The author concludes by suggesting that Williams wrote the play as an outlet for his own emotions. From the paper: ?Tennessee Williams uses this play as an outlet for his own pain, and his characters take on a truthful hue that no doubt strikes a chord in the audience. The Glass Menagerie is a play that no doubt has few characters more prominent that Mr. Wingfield, though Mr. Wingfield never once steps on stage. It is Mr. Wingfields absence from this family that causes their own glass house to break. We will write a custom essay sample on The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?

Homelessness, 10 Year Plan Study Gd. Essay

Homelessness, 10 Year Plan Study Gd. Essay Homelessness, 10 Year Plan Study Gd. Essay What Actions the Could the Poor Take to Escape Poverty?  · Unionize  · Educate  · Vote  · Riot  · Pool their money – form credit unions Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological Needs (food, water, air, sex) Safety Needs (shelter/safe conditions) Needs of Love, Affection and Belongingness Needs for Esteem Needs for Self-Actualization Generational Poverty Family has never owned land Never knew anyone who benefited from education Never knew anyone who moved up or was respected in a job Highly mobile High family Illiteracy Focus is on making it through the day Working-Class Poverty Working, but rarely have money for any extras Most do not own property Live pay check to pay check Few have health care Focus on making it two weeks or through the month Immigrant Poverty Have little or no resources Face language and culture barriers Seem to do have a stronger sense of self and often do better than those born into poverty in America Poverty is viewed as a system problem Situational Poverty Surrounded by people who are educated or able to earn a living wage Attends school regularly and has health care Has crisis (health, divorce, etc.) and income drops Generally is able to make it back to middle-class Has not internalized the poverty as personal problem Does not recognize advantages of growing up middle-class Can be harsh judge of those in generational and working class poverty What Does Poverty Teach? Many people living in the crisis of poverty are sent messages through their interactions that impact their perspectives of what is possible. Here are some of the messages taught to people living in generational, working-class poverty, and immigrant poverty: No one cares Everyone seems smarter People who are making it must be better then me We don't belong anywhere People like us do not get educated We don't have what we need to break out of poverty There is no one to help * New Opportunities for Serving Children and Families Without Homes * The McKinney-Vento Homeless Education Children Youth Act * * Homeless Outreach Promoting Educational Success (HOPES) * Collaborative , Orange County Department of Education (OCDE) * Causes of Homelessness * Lack of affordable of housing * Due to economy and foreclosures * Lose of employment * Poverty * Health problems * Domestic violence * Natural and other disasters * Abuse/neglect/abandonment (unaccompanied youth) * Issues Facing Children Youth Experiencing Homelessness * Mobility - loss of structure, routine, stability * Trauma and loss * Deep poverty (deprivation, hunger) * Higher rates of developmental delays * Higher rates of chronic and acute health problems * Mental health issues: stress, anxiety, and depression * Disrupted or stressed attachments to caregivers * Invisibility * Developmental Factors Compared to non-homeless children, homeless children have: * Greater developmental delays (language, motor-development, and/or social skills) * More learning disabilities * More mental health problems * Higher frequency of withdrawal, shyness, separation anxiety, short attention disorder, flat affect, aggression, hoarding, anxiety in response to changes in environment or staff absences, concern over getting enough food, and sharing toys * More physical health problems * Common Signs of Homelessness * Frequent moves * Attendance at many different schools * Inability to pay fees for school related activities or school supplies * Behind academically * Erratic attendance or tardiness * Numerous absences * Inability to contact parents (no phone/address * Chronic hunger * Fatigue (falls sleep in class) * Increased vulnerability to colds/flu * Poor/short attention span * Lacks preparation for school (homework not complete, no school supplies or books) * Poor self-esteem * â€Å"Mature† beyond years *

New technology Getting Mixed Grades in School Essay

New technology Getting Mixed Grades in School - Essay Example The ideal solution in such a situation would be to earmark training funds wherever there is going to be new technological equipment to be used in any classroom across America. While it is easy to say that school administrators fully understand what their school needs, the same may not be true for state legislators or lawmakers which have a greater circle of influence (Lifto and Senden, 2006). They may know in general that computers are good for a school and may even help them win more votes if they are able to convince the voters that they supported more technology for the school but the question would remain if it was the right technology. Further, the appropriate use of the right technology can only be governed by school administrators since they control what equipment would be used and by which classes. While at first it seems that Lewis is describing some magnificent work of technological greatness such as a smart board which is in use in many schools today, the year of the article, i.e. 1840, makes that proposition a very unlikely one. A clear picture of the article and an explanation of what exactly Lewis (1840) is describing comes from Donawerth and Seeff (2001) who note that, â€Å"This article was describing the blackboard (Donawerth and Seeff, 2001, Pg. 238)†. Knowing that makes the article all the more interesting since it shows that problems in using new technologies in teaching have existed for more than 150 years. Computers themselves have met the charges since they were expected to revolutionize teaching with things such as CBT and self guided lessons that let students explore and learn on their own. However, the failure of computers to improve our children’s education levels has also been blamed on the lack of training that our teachers may have with regard to using them. In fact, any modern technology such as projectors, media systems or even VCRs could fir the charges since they all may confuse the individual using

Women's Studies. Gender Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women's Studies. Gender Violence - Essay Example Women abuse is very popular and it has become like an order of the day since in some societies even a boy child does not give an elderly woman the deserved respect equal to the one he would give to a male counterpart. In various societies, a woman is considered as a weaker success who cannot handle some tasks. Could problem have been the society we live in? Or is it our forefathers’ who initiated this? But then what are we doing to curb this kind of mistreatment? Can we all rise up and say no to gender violence? This piece of writing analyses the issue of gender violence. Undeniably, issues of gender violence are on the rise and something ought to be done about it. Some of the court decisions regarding these violence are actually not satisfying and I believe very punitive action will solve this matter to a very large extend. Talking about human rights, this is among the issues that should be addressed. A female child or a woman must enjoy her freedom once and for all without e ven an inch of denial. It is upsetting to hear that even celebrities who should lead these campaigns such as Chris brown are involved in this kind of character. This is certainly perturbing and it leaves someone wondering who should lead the campaign geared towards eradicating this kind of vice in the society if even the most respected people in the society are guilty of it. Who is in a good position to solve this abuse? I am convinced that we can all come together and treat all females equally by knowing that they are all human beings who deserve freedom and have rights given to them by their creatures. The following story is one of the sad stories of gender violence which is very rampant in military. Amanda Tenorio was a 28-year old divorced mother of two whose husband turned violent to shortly after marriage and later became a victim advocate for Army Community Services at Joint Base Henderson. Being a gender violence survivor, she was actually the best person to address this iss ue particularly after her husband’s unvarying thrashings caused her grave damages such as dislocated knees and brain injuries that eventually put her into unconsciousness. Tenorio together with other domestic violence survivors have strongly come out to condemn this act more so out of the military families that also seem to experience most of the violence. Tenorio feels that it is important to address this issue and she strongly believes that helping people through education is really vital especially the many victims that we come across almost on daily basis. The program which is aimed at eradicating and creating awareness amongst military families is put on all military installations. The program which focuses on treatment and interventions as well as trying to assist both the victim and the abuser has more than 800 clinical social workers and quick quickly responds to emergencies that would require either healthcare and shelter interventions. It is also revealed that some of the causes of violence are stressful situations such as financial difficulties, military trimming, or even handling of outcome of combat and the increase of this violence immensely worries the military leaders and domestic violence workers thus making the program to be focused on everyone in the military. Although war is very violent, it is not supposed to contribute to domestic violence and therefore it should change the attitude of the soldiers towards violence by making soldiers even better people. Loss of job can however bring stress such as how to complete mortgage or pay bills and this only requires counseling since violence can never solve this situation. The program that was started by Tenorio is therefore intended

Microbiology and biotechnology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Microbiology and biotechnology - Assignment Example This is to produce drug intermediates and produce vaccines or the drugs themselves (Baker, Nicklin and Griffiths, 2011). One application of gene therapy in medicine has been in treatment of type I diabetes. In the treatment, the researchers have used adenovirus as a vector to enable them delivers the gene for hepatocyte growth factor. Another application of gene therapy is in treatment of x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (Baltz, Davies and Demain, 2010). This is a disease common in babies where they lack both T and B cells of the immune system and they are mainly exposed to infections. The applications are through non-viral vectors being tested for the gene therapy uses. The application include receptor on the goal cell, artificial chromosomes and naked DNA that is not linked to another molecule at all and can be directly injected into the cell (Baltz, Davies and Demain, 2010). Crude oil and its products are non-renewable and are considered to one day come to an end. Biofuel has been used as a replacement of crude oil as the source is renewable and produced from biomass. The approach that has been used to eliminate the use of crude oil is on the effects on the environment and the costs of the use (El-Mansi and Bryce, 2007). The approach is that biofuels may be easy to market than crude oil with consideration of performance, infrastructure and other factors. The other reasons for the approach are that biofuels play an important role in climate change and the important increase in production and use (El-Mansi and Bryce, 2007). Biotechnology has resulted to several advantages such as reduction in the costs of agriculture production as those in the sector are able to use fewer pesticides and herbicides in protecting their crops. The improved varieties are also able to increase the yield in a short duration. Increase food production has also been observed through the use of the method. There has also been ability to produce food in even times

Media: The Most Powerful Entity On Earth

Media: The Most Powerful Entity On Earth In his article, The Mediatization of Society Theory, Hjarvard deduces that media simultaneously become an integrated part of society, not to mention the existence of other new social media. New social media, a set of identity-centric information and communication technologies (ICTs) that enables production and sharing of digital content in a mediated social setting (Studstzman, 2009) such as Facebook and Twitter, have successfully attracted millions of users, many of whom have integrated these sites into their daily practices and transformed them from a situation of information scarcity to one of information abundance. Accordingly, Ronn (2007) in one of his reports noted that social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, are among the most visited sites on the Internet, just behind the major search engines. Facebook for example, as the site grows more popular, claims that it has more than 500 million active users and 50% of users log on to this site everyday (Facebook, 2011), while Twitter records 175 million registered users since its first launch in 2006, with around 95 million tweets are written per day (Twitter, 2011). Both Facebook and Twitter equipped with platforms that allow individuals, as cited in Boyd (1997), to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection and view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. These platforms not only serve its users as a tool of sharing of life minutiae (Green, 2011) but also seize the opportunity of increasing their engagement in various issues. For example, Facebook and Twitter have played an increasing role in American politics as they become what US President Barrack Obama campaign in 2008 were most successfully noted for. Accordingly, both also facilitate online community to raise fund for Japanese earthquake and tsunami victim as well as assist innovation that plays as a significant role in cultural change. In other word, interactive and collaborative features provided by the platform of social media have made the dimension of political, social and cultural advancement become more prominent. However, it appears questionable to simply claim that social media alternately acts as the ground of political revolution or creates new social identity and induce cultural change (Boyd, 2011, Green 2011, Hoffman Kornweitz, 2011). A single click on Facebook gro up and merely a tweet do not make people politically activated and socially changed. As emphasises by Boyd (2011), it seems to be only a majestical lustre that technologys structure instantly influences peoples behaviour. Correspondingly, Green (2011) also voices an interesting quandary if social media actually enhance the democracy itself. It is reasonable since Facebook and Twitter are not a replace for motivation that at least required for a revolution to be taken place or new community to be formed. Nonetheless, it is likely understandable from current events that social media have the power to pursue and persuade as by providing platform toward political revolution, social community and cultural advancement yet bring negative and positive consequences for those three subjects. SOCIAL MEDIA AND POLITICAL REVOLUTION As mention above, Facebook, in particular, provides three default platforms for its users to convey their political interest (Langlois, 2009). First, users can become fan of politicians profile or page. Second, they can create or join a group and last, they can change their political views in their profile. Among three, becoming a fan or a group is considered to allow users to be more engaged. Once the common interests are created, the Facebook platforms greatly simplify communicating within and to a network via emails, invitation and reminders. Shirky (2011), social media have become coordinating tools for nearly all of the worlds political movement. Prominent example for this argument is U.S. President Barack Obamas election in 2008. As cited from Obamas Facebook groups during the campaign greatly simplify communicating within and to more than 1, 2 millions of his supportersHe also highlights three default ways . Langlois (2009), Addressed by Hoffmann Kornweitz as medium of direct citizen participation, this aggregation of public via the social network does remarkably magnify the engagement of society to the campaign itself, by extending their social activities/participation such as informing others about campaign events, attempting to persuade donations or taking part in activities related to politics without having to sit down face to face! against History of Russia and France are best example of how lack of new social media did not impede both countries revolutions from happening. The media themselves ineffective acted by casual participants which obviously does not guarantee that every political movement of mobilization will succeed, because the state has not lost the power to react. Take Tunisia for example. The only way both governments could immensely stop the quick dissemination of information was to shut down the whole internet. SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL IDENTITY/COMMUNITY As noted above, new social media such as Facebook and Twitter are potentially able to change the character of our social live. According to . that the new media is changing the way people think, act, and feel. Langlois (2009) stated that social media allows for the emergence of marginalized issue and public: The online informational system provide the material, communicational and social means for a public to exist Therefore, it is likely clear that new social media can be powerful tools for spurring social change, with stressing point that it played a facilitating, mediating role in connections and interactions among its user in society. There are at least three reasons for this claim to be apprehended: Firstly, social media enables creation of dense network that extend human communication abilities in both time and space. According to technological determinism purposed by Mc Luhan, the world now is a global village, where physical distance is even less of a hindrance to the real-time communicative activities of people. Therefore social spheres are greatly expanded by the openness of the web and the ease at which people can search for online communities and interact with others that share the same interests and concerns. Secondly, social medias quick dissemination of information supports new communities to be created, (virtual). Equipped with features that enable for users to be more interactive and collaborative, social media becomes a form of mediated communication that gives the audience access to on-demand content and the ability to share and discuss it with others within seconds. Lets look at Japanese Tsunami and Earthquake for example. Addison asserts in one of his reports that images and videos of Japans tsunami were soon hitting the web just minutes count from the first wave hit Sendai. Thousands messages were then updated via Twitter within seconds, showing of good will, condolences and offering aid for Japan. Social media facilitates such as allowing people the chance to donate to the Red Cross via text message, the donation being added to phone bills. According to the members of the each social medium, there are more than 500 million people are using Facebook and more than 200 million view s on the Youtube for a day. It means billions of audiences are able to share and receive information on the same platform at the same time. Moreover, the information on the social media can be posted and received immediately. Therefore, the information on the social media could be disseminated much faster, compared with traditional media. Thirdly, specifically that the social media is more user generated content, it allows users as news producers. The social media provide a platform for public to advocate social issues. Moreover, it also means the news is not limited by organizations or governments anymore. For instance, for Chinese Jasmine Revolution in 2011, even the Chinese Government tried to stop the situation to be expanded on the social media, it is still held quite successfully. Afterwards, the international media is starting to be conscious to what the revolution was trying to present to public and they are trying to report it to public as well. According to media and social dependency theory (Defleur Ball-Rokeach), for some countries (especially developing countries), if public are uncertain about their society and country, it is much easier for them to rely on the media. It means for some countries, audiences might be easy to follow the issues. In short, social media definitely, developed freedom of speech. With every response and action that results from our engagement, we are slowly introduced to the laws of social physics: for every action there is a reaction even if that reaction is silence. And, the extent of this resulting activity is measured by levels of influence and other factors such as the size and shape of nicheworks as well as attention aperture and time. the concept of community no longer has geographical limitations, as people can now virtually gather in an online community and share common interests regardless of physical location. However, idea of new community in Facebook did not make Obama win his Presidency. SOCIAL MEDIA AND CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT Conclusion Yes, overall it can especially in terms of providing fast, quick and ..platform ,,,. Media scholars argue that social media platforms are tools of self-expression that return a benefit to a public good It is reasonable since Facebook and Twitter are not a replace for motivation that at least required for a revolution to be taken place or new community to be formed. . People can virtually gather in Facebok and Twitter online community or groups, regardless geographical limitations and physical location, which (.). Ronn, K. (2007). Social networking: Closer than you think. Business Week Online, p. 12. Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/careers/content/jun2007/ca20070612_954809.htm Hjarvard, S. (2008). The Mediatization of Society: A Theory of the Media as Agents of Social and Cultural Change. [Article]. NORDICOM Review, 29(2), 105-134.

Computer-Based Training :: Technology Essays

Computer-Based Training What is CBT? CBT or Computer Based Training is a difficult term to adequately define because it encompasses various modes of instruction and has evolved from the simplest definition, "The use of computers and multimedia technology for training"(http://www.unn.ac.uk/~buu504/comp_bt.htm). The best definition for CBT is from a 1995 text called Making CBT Happen by Gloria Gery. An interactive learning experience between the learner and computer in which the computer provides the majority of the stimulus, the learner must respond, and the computer analyzes the response and provides feedback to the learner (1995). Although this definition is quite dated, and CBT has evolved considerably since 1995, it adequately describes the key roles the computer and the learner have in the process. CBT (Computer Based Training) can encompass any type of training that involves a learner interacting with a computer. This means that Web Based Training, Interactive Distance Learning, and Intranet can also fall under the CBT definition. For brevity of this paper, we will only look at the CBT modules used on CD-ROM and LAN (Local Area Network). To expound on this definition, one must accurately define Interactive Learning Experience as it relates to training. There are many forms of interactive learning experiences in training. These would include: Interactive practice exercises to incorporate a skill Interactive case studies simulating situations in which the learner applies previously acquired knowledge Interactive role plays in which people can practice new behaviors, approaches, techniques Interactive drills in which learners can prove mastery levels and move along the learning continuum from familiarization to automatic operation and fluency Interactive tests in which the learner can interactively assess their own progress to demonstrate competence or achieve confidence in their own knowledge and skill (Gery, 1995). I would also add that along with the interactive learning experience CBT modules also have administrative qualities. Most CBT programs can register learners based on their status through particular career learning paths, as well as, store the learner's progress of the modules within a database. "There is a record keeping feature that can save time, maintain accurate training records, and diagnose training deficiencies" (Congram, 1995). CBT Advantages and Disadvantages Computer-Based Training modules have many advantages. First, there is the cost issue. For companies who have facilities on a national or even international scale, CBT is the most cost- effective way to train.

Definition of Bail

Bail is the form of pledging property or money to a court in exchange for the release of prisoner from jail (Lectric Law Library, 2008). Usually, bail is done with the understanding that the person suspected of committing a crime will appear for trial or else for he or she will forfeit the bail and become guilty of another crime which is failure to appear before court. In most instances, if the suspect appears in court in all the days he or she is required to do so, the court will return to him or her the bail money after the trial has ended, whether or not the suspect is handed down a guilty verdict.In short, the main purpose of bail is to the provide the court some form of assurance that the suspect will not flee from the crime he or she is accused of and will appear in his or her trials when he or she is commanded to do so. Moreover, bail also has humanitarian purposes. For example, in most cases, the trial of a suspect would begin after weeks or months upon his or her arrest. Sin ce he or she is still a suspect and not yet proven guilty, he or she is entitled to bail before the trial commences in order for him not to miss occasions such as family gatherings and holidays, among others.Furthermore, there are several types of bail. These include the cash bail, release on citation or cite out, property bond, release on own personal recognizance, and surety bond (Silverman, 2008). The cash bail is one of the most commonly used types of bail. As its name implies, it involves the suspect paying the bail in full amount using cash. However, there are certain times that the court may also accept credit cards and checks.Cite out is when the arresting office does not book a suspect and instead gives him or her a citation that states that the accused must show up in court (Silverman, 2008). This is usually done so that the officer can focus on arresting more serious violators of the law. On the other hand, property bond is when the accused can present his or her property to serve as a bond (Silverman, 2008). In this case, the court then obtains a lien or legal claim on the suspect’s property in the bail’s amount.If the suspect fails to go to his or her required court appearances, the court can decide to shut out the property in order to retrieved the forfeited bail (Silverman, 2008). Release on own personal recognizance is when a judge decides to release the accused based on his personal recognizance, which means that he or she does not have to pay bail but is solely responsible for his or her appearing in court at the required dates (Silverman, 2008). Finally, surety bond or bail bond is when another party lawfully agrees to pay the debt of the suspect.This is usually performed by a bail bondsman, who will receive 10 per cent of the amount of bail payment required and will keep the amount for himself or herself even if the defendant fails to show up in court (Silverman, 2008). In the United States, the bail law was mainly based on a system implemented in England in 1677 (Silverman, 2008). During that year, the English parliament created the Habeas Corpus Act and one of its provisions enabled magistrates to set bail terms.In addition, the 1689 English Bill of Rights restricted excessive bail, which was also used in the constitution of the state of Virginia and United States Constitution’s Eighth Amendment (Silverman, 2008). However, in essence, the bail is provided under the Sixth Amendment to the US Constitution which states that all people who are arrested must be â€Å"informed of the nature and cause of the accusation† (Silverman, 2008) they are charged with. In addition, the Sixth Amendment also enables a suspect to ask for bail if he or she is accused of a bailable crime.Moreover, at present, the terms and conditions of bail in the United State are contained in the 1984 Bail Reform Act that replaced the 1966 Bail Reform Act, which in turn, repealed the Judiciary Act of 1789 (Silverman, 2008). However, although bail is provided under the Sixth Amendment and in other US laws, it does not necessarily guarantee that everyone accused of a crime has a right to post bail. Under the current law, defendants who pose a great danger to society are held in prison without bail until their trial starts.Other suspects that cannot post bail include those who have committed serious crimes and capital offenses, repeat criminals or offenders, and those who may be at flight risk (Silverman, 2008). References Lectic Law Library. (2008). Bail. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://www. lectlaw. com/def/b004. htm. Silverman, J. (2008). How Bail Works. How Stuff Works. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://people. howstuffworks. com/bail. htm.

The Major Threats Caused By Depletion Of Resources essays

The Major Threats Caused By Depletion Of Resources essays Resources are the things that we can extract from the earth. Industries, which extract the earths resources, include mining, forestry and oil extraction. Present-day civilisation is based upon a massive utilisation of non-replaceable minerals and fuels such as coal, oil and natural gasses. Other materials such as cotton, wool timber and foodstuffs, if utilised sensibly can be replenished. The earths natural resources are there for us to use. We need water, food, air, energy, medicines, warmth, shelter and minerals. These keep us fed, comfortable, healthy and alive. If we use the resources carefully then they will last indefinitely. But if we use them wastefully and excessively, they will soon run out and everyone will suffer. Deforestation in the tropics is on the rise. Humans currently cut or burn down more than 100 acres a minute. Some forest is cleared to make way for farmland; the rest is cut for timber and to feed the demands of the paper industry. The rainforests are very important because they produce oxygen, they regulate the worlds climate, preserve different species and they yield a variety of different products. The rainforests are also cleared for farming, land, roads, railways, fuel production, (such as charcoal) and mineral extraction (such as gold and iron ore). There are many consequences connected with destruction of the rainforests. The main one being global warming. This is caused because less carbon dioxide is being consumed and the less oxygen being produced, more carbon dioxide will remain in the atmosphere thus contributing more greenhouse gas, which in turn will see a rise in the temperature of our planet. Once we have used all of the energy from fossil fuel extraction (oil, coal and gas) that the earth has, there will be no more for millions of years. Fossil fuels are not replenishable, therefore we should be more sensible in how we use this resource. ...

High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essays

High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essays High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essay High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essay The VHF Omnidirectional Range pilotage system. VOR. was likely the most important air power innovation other than the jet engine. With it. a pilot can merely. accurately. and without ambiguity navigate from Point A to Point B. The widespread debut of VORs began in the early 1950s and 50 old ages subsequently it remains the primary pilotage system in the overpowering bulk of aircraft. VHF omnidirectional wireless scope ( VOR ) . is a type of short-range wireless pilotage system for aircraft. enabling aircraft to find their place and remain on class by having wireless signals transmitted by a web of fixed land wireless beacons with a receiving system unit. It uses wireless frequences in the really high frequence ( VHF ) set from 108 to 117. 95 MHz. Developed in the US beginning in 1937 and deployed by 1946. VOR is the standard air navigational system in the universe. used by both commercial and general air power. There are about 3000 VOR Stationss around the uni verse. It is practically free from inactive and dark consequence therefore is a dependable navigational assistance by twenty-four hours and dark. VOR Ground Station ( aerial ) The prefix â€Å"omni-† means all and an omnidirectional scope is a VHF wireless conveying land station that undertakings directly line classs ( radials ) from the station in all waies. From a top position. it can be visualized as being similar to the radiuss from the hub of a wheel. The distance VOR radials are projected depends upon the power end product of the sender. The class or radials projected from the station are referenced to magnetic North. Therefore. a radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing widening outward from the VOR station. Radials are identified by Numberss get downing with 001. which is 1 ° E of magnetic North. and advancement in sequence through all the grades of a circle until making 360. To assistance in orientation. a compass rose mention to magnetic North is superimposed on aeronautical charts at the station location. TWO CATEGORIES OF VOR 1. Normal VOR Beacon for en-route navigation- has radio frequence bearer end product of about 200 Watts to supply a service scope of up to 200 maritime stat mis. ( Category A ) 2. Terminal VOR- has a lower end product of about 50 Watts to supply the limited coverage ( 25 maritime stat mis ) required for attack and allow down to an airdrome. ( Category B ) BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The basic rule of operation of the VOR is really simple: the VOR installation transmits two signals at the same clip. One signal is changeless in all waies. while the other is rotated about the station. The airborne equipment receives both signals. expressions ( electronically ) at the difference between the two signals. and interprets the consequence as a radial from the station. VOR Stationss broadcast a VHF wireless composite signal including the station’s identifier. voice ( if equipped ) . and navigation signal. The identifier is typically a two- or three-letter twine in Morse codification. The voice signal. if used. is normally the station name. in-flight recorded advisories. or unrecorded flight service broadcasts. The pilotage signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to find a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft ( way from the VOR station in relation to the Earth’s magnetic North at the clip of installing ) . VOR Stationss in countries of mag netic compass undependability are oriented with regard to True North. A VOR land station sends out a maestro signal. and a extremely directional 2nd signal that varies in stage 30 times a 2nd compared to the maestro. This signal is timed so that the stage varies as the secondary aerial spins. such that when the aerial is 90 grades from north. the signal is 90 grades out of stage of the maestro. By comparing the stage of the secondary signal to the maestro. the angle ( bearing ) to the station can be determined. This bearing is so displayed in the cockpit of the aircraft. and can be used to take a hole as in earlier wireless way determination ( RDF ) systems. although it is. in theory. easier to utilize and more accurate. This line of place is called the â€Å"radial† from the VOR. The intersection of two radials from different VOR Stationss on a chart provides the place of the aircraft. VOR Stationss are reasonably short scope. the signals have a scope of about 200 stat mis. VOR EQUIPMENT Course divergence index-A class divergence index ( CDI ) is an avionics instrument used in aircraft pilotage to find an aircraft’s sidelong place in relation to a path. If the location of the aircraft is to the left of class. the needle deflects to the right. and frailty versa. VOR Antennas -One or two metre-long aerials lodging up and back out of the roof of the cockpit. These are the aerial for your VHF communicating wirelesss. the 1s used to speak to traffic and to command towers. VOR Receiver – The VOR receiving system converts signals from the aerial to the readings displayed on the pilotage index. VOR Ground Equipment – Consist of a VOR land station which is a little low edifice topped with a white phonograph record upon which are located the VOR aerial and fiberglass conic tower. CONE OF CONFUSION Land senders radiate signals in lift 60 ° to 80 ° above skyline. A spread over caput in the signifier of an upside-down cone is left with no or weak radiation. Flying through this part causes confusion in indicants in the airborne equipment. Passing through this zone the indicants flick quickly. To find exactly the overhead place is hard but positive and stable indicant thenceforth confirm transition of the station. STATION IDENTIFICATION A Morse codification amplitude modulated signal comprising usually three letters is transmitted every 10 seconds for positive designation of the VOR by air crew. Some VORs carry voice transmittal besides for automatic terminal information service ( ATIS ) and designation. Limited voice communicating one manner installation by land control may besides be available in event of communicating failure on normal VHF. The voice signal. if used. is normally the station name. in-flight recorded advisories. or unrecorded flight service broadcasts. The pilotage signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to find a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft ( way from the VOR station in relation to the Earth’s magnetic North at the clip of installing ) . VOR Stationss in countries of magnetic compass undependability are oriented with regard to True North. During care a trial signal or no designation may be received. Pilots utilizing VOR must ever positively place the station before usage and continue to supervise the same. Monitoring. A proctor unit near the sender on land is located within country of radiation of the VOR sender. The proctor continuously compares the standard signal with specified parametric quantities. In event of any of the followers. the proctor switches off the VOR sender or withholds the designation and navigation signal transmittal. ( a ) Received bearing is in mistake by more than 1 ° ( B ) Either of the signals – maestro or secondary signal autumn below 15 % in strength ( degree Celsius ) Monitor itself fails. A standby sender is provided to coup detat in instance of malfunction. but it takes some clip to stabilise its transmittal. Therefore. it is emphasized that pilots must listen for designation of the codification for interest of safety. Service VOLUMES A VOR station serves a volume of air space called its Service Volume. Some VORs have a comparatively little geographic country protected from intervention by other Stationss on the same frequency- called â€Å"terminal† or T-VORs. Other Stationss may hold protection out to 130 maritime stat mis ( NM ) or more. Although it is popularly thought that there is a standard difference in power end product between T-VORs and other Stationss. in fact the stations’ power end product is set to supply equal signal strength in the specific site’s service volume. In the United States. there are three standard service volumes ( SSV ) : Terminal. Low. and High ( Standard Service Volumes do non use to print Instrument Flight Rules ( IFR ) routes ) . US Standard Service Volumes ( excerpted from FAA AIM ) | * 1 maritime stat mi = 1. 85200 kilometres VOR INDICATOR A: Rotating Course Card is calibrated from 0 to 360 grades. which indicates the VOR bearing chosen as the mention to wing by pilot. Bacillus: Omni Bearing Selector or OBS boss. used to manually revolve the class card to where the point to wing to. C: TO-FROM index. The trigon pointer will indicate UP when winging to the VOR station. The pointer will indicate DOWN when winging off from the VOR station. A ruddy flag replaces theseTO-FROM pointers when the VOR is beyond response scope or the station is out. Calciferol: Course Deviation Indicator ( CDI ) . This needle moves left or right bespeaking the way to turn the aircraft to return to class. Point: The horizontal points at centre are represent the aircraft off from the class. Each point represent 2 grades deviate from coveted class. Aircraft VOR Component 1. VOR RECEIVER: In many modern aircraft one control unit is used for both the VOR receiving system and the VHF communications transceiver. When located together. the wireless is called a NAVCOM ( See Navcom Control Panels figure ) . The VOR signals are received on the aerial. usually located on the perpendicular stabilizer or on top of the fuselage. This aerial resembles a â€Å"V† prevarication in a horizontal plane. The VOR receiving system converts signals from the aerial to the readings displayed on the pilotage index. 2. NAVIGATION Index: The VOR pilotage index gives the pilot aircraft place information by agencies of three constituents. The path picker. sometimes called the omnibearing picker or OBS. is used to revolve the AZ ring. which displays the selected VOR path. ( See Navigation Indicator figure ) . This ring may besides demo the reciprocal of the selected path. The TO-FROM/OFF flag indicates whether the path will take the pilot to or from the station. If the aircraft is out of stationrange and can non have a dependable. useable signal the TO-FROM/OFF index shows OFF. Besides. the OFF flag is displayed when the aircraft is straight over the station. when abeam of the station in the country of ambiguity ( i. e. . straight on either side of the station ) or when beyond the response scope of the station selected. When the aircraft header agrees by and large with the path picker. the path divergence saloon ( TB ) shows the pilot the place relation to the path selected and indicates whether the radial is to the right or left The TB acerate leaf has a cubic decimeter 0 ° spread from centre to either side when having a VOR signal. The Track Bar ) . shows that an aircraft 5 ° off path would hold the TB one-half of the manner from centre to the outside border. If the aircraft is 10 ° off path the needle swings wholly to one side. Each point on the pilotage index represents 2 ° when the pilot is winging VOR. 3. TRACK ARROW: Each clip a path is chosen on the picker. the country around the VOR station is divided into halves or envelopes ( see Left Right Envelopes figure ) . It is helpful to believe of the spliting line as a path pointer. which runs through the station and points in the way of the selected path. The Terbium shows the pilot in which of these two envelopes the aircraft is located. If the aircraft is winging along the path line. the TB acerate leaf is centered. If the aircraft flies to the left of the path pointer ( as in place A ) . the TB needle swings to the right. If the aircraft moves to the right of the path pointer. ( place B ) . the TB needle swings to the left. Whenever the pilot changes the path picker. he or she should visualise an fanciful path pointer over the station. In this manner. the pilot can look at the TB and Tell in which envelope the aircraft is located. 4. REFERENCE LINE: When the pilot selects a path. the place of another line is established. a mention line perpendicular to the path pointer and crossing it at the station. The mention line divides the VOR response country into two extra sectors. The country forward of the mention line is the FROM envelope and the country to the rear of the mention line is the TO envelope. The TO-FROM index shows in which envelope the aircraft is located. In the To-From Envelopes figure. both aircraft display a FROM reading. 5. VOR Indications figure. shows the readings that an aircraft would have in eight different locations around the VOR station. In place A. the aircraft shows a centered TB. bespeaking that it is on path ; the TO-FROM flag shows FROM. Position B shows a left TB and a FROM indicant. Aircraft at places C and G are in the country of ambiguity. In this country. the opposing mention signals that actuate the TO-FROM index natural each other and bring forth an OFF Indication. The country of ambiguity widens with increasing distance from the station. The greater the distance. the longer the TO-FROM flag will bespeak OFF as the aircraft moves between the TO and FROM envelopes. DETERMINATION OF POSITION 1. Heading: Aircraft header has perfectly no consequence on the readings of the VOR index. No affair which way the aircraft is heading. the pilot receives the same indicant every bit long as the aircraft remains in the same path envelope ( see VOR Orientation ) . 2. POSITION Fix: To find a hole ( without DME ) . the pilot must utilize two VOR Stationss because the VOR gives merely way and non distance from the station. First. the pilot should tune the figure one VOR to one of the coveted Stationss and do positive designation. Unless the pilot makes positive designation. that station should non be used. If a VOR station is shut down for care or the signal is undependable because of a malfunction. the navaid designation is non transmitted. After placing the station. the pilot should focus on the TB acerate leaf with the positive FROM indicant on the TO-FROM/OFF flag. The pilot repeats this process with the other VOR station. Then. utilizing the chart. the pilot draws a line outbound from the VORs along the radials indicated by the path picker. The intersection of these bearings is the aircraft’s place ( see VOR Position Fix figure ) . Flight TO A VOR STATION 1. BRACKETING: Because there is by and large a crosswind. the pilot seldom can stop a radial. take up the header of that path. and wing straight to the station. To remain on path. the pilot must do a series of little corrections. The procedure of stoping a radial and doing the corrections necessary to stay on path is called bracketing. The method described here minimizes the figure of bends needed to find the necessary air current rectification. and requires the least attending by the pilot. Figure Bracketing a VOR Radial. below. shows the series of manoeuvres that a pilot uses in bracketing a radial to a VOR station. The pilot of the aircraft in place cubic decimeter determines that the radial of the coveted VOR station is to the right and the pilot must turn right to stop it. In place 2. the pilot turns to an intercept angle of 30 ° . Since the radial is 090 ° to the station. the intercept header is 120 ° as shown on the header index. In place 3. the aircraft intercepts the r adial. The pilot instantly turns the aircraft to a 090 ° header to co-occur with the inward way of the radial. While utilizing the heading index to carefully bold the header. the pilot in place 4 starts to float off path. The pilot so takes up a new intercept header of 070 ° a 20 ° intercept angle. The pilot flies this new intercept header of 070 ° until re-intercepting the radial. at which clip ( place 7 ) he or she divides this intercept angle by two and so turns to the new header which is 080 ° . The new header of 080 ° Lashkar-e-Taibas the aircraft impetus a small North of path. This informs the pilot that the coveted path header must be someplace between 090 ° . which allows the aircraft to float South of the radial. and 080 ° . which takes the aircraft North of the radial. At no clip from this point to the station will the pilot bend to a header less than 080 ° or heading more than 090 ° . As shown in place 9. the aircraft takes up the header of 090 ° . which allows the aircraft to float back onto the radial. As the aircraft intercepts the radial at place 10. the pilot turns to a header between 090 ° and 080 ° . so proceeds to the station. tracking the radial with an airc raft heading 085 ° . If the pilot takes up a specific intercept angle and so divides the angle by two. as necessary. the aircraft brackets the radial with the least figure of bends and holds e path with the greatest truth. TRACK TO THE STATION: The pilot should look into the heading index against the magnetic compass when get downing to track. ( The VOR index tells the pilot merely the place of the aircraft relation to a certain radial and the pilot must trust upon the header index for aircraft heading formation ) . The most common usage of VOR pilotage to wing on a radial from station to station. The pilot selects a radial class on the OBS and paths that radial by maintaining the TB acerate leaf centered. which occurs every bit long as the BS is in general understanding with the heading index. For illustration. if the dial is to the right. the index will indicate the right. and the pilot must turn in this way to stop the radial. As the aircraft passes the VOR station. the VOR receives two basic indicants provided that the aircraft crosses straight over the station. The most positive indicant is that TO-FROM index alterations to the opposite reading. ( TO to FROM ) . The 2nd. less certain indicant is the fluctuation of the TB. If the aircraft passes straight over the station. the needle fluctuates from side to side and returns to its original place. If the aircraft is left of path. the acerate leaf does non fluctuate. bur continues to indicate to the right. Likewise. if the aircraft is right of path. the acerate leaf will indicate to the left and non fluctuate as the aircraft passes abeam the station. TIME CHECK: Another usage for VOR is to take a clip cheque. which informs the pilot of the clip staying to wing to a station. For illustration. while inbound to the station on the 022 ° radial ( See VOR Time Check figure ) . the pilot wants to gauge the clip to the station. The pilot chosens to utilize the 030 ° radial to get down the clip cheque. and turns the aircraft to a header of 120 ° . which is at right angles to the 030 ° radial. The OBS is turned to 030 ° and as the needle centres. the pilot notes the clip. Immediately subsequently. the pilot rotates the OBS to 040 ° . which is the following radial to be used in the clip cheque. The pilot so continues to bold the 120 ° aircraft header and flies to the 040 ° radial. As the pilot crosses this radial and the needle centres. he or she notes the clip and finds that it has taken two proceedingss ( 120 seconds ) to do the 10 ° radial alteration. The expression for finding the clip staying to the station is: ( TIME IN SECONDS BETWEEN RADIAL CHANGE ) / ( DEGREES OF RADIAL CHANGE ) peers TIME TO STATION IN MINUTES. Therefore. by spliting 120 seconds by 10. the pilot finds that there are 12 proceedingss staying to wing to the station. Although this job can be worked out utilizing any grade of radial alteration. l0 grades of radial alteration is the simplest and fastest to calculate. RANGE AND ACCURACYScope * The VHF signals associated with VORs are propagated through line-of-sight. Line of sight scope of the sender located at sea degree and aircraft at 5000 pess would be about 88nm and at 10000 pess about 125 nanometers. Accuracy * Published VOR radials are accurate within 3 ° . TYPES OF VORDVOR ( Doppler Very High Frequency OmniDirectional Range ) A ground-based navigational assistance operating at really high frequence and utilizing a wide-aperture radiation system to cut down azimuth mistakes caused by contemplation from terrain and other obstructions ; makes usage of the Doppler rule to work out the job of ambiguity that arises from the usage of a radiation system with apertures that exceed one-half wavelength ; the system is so designed that its signals may be received on the equipment used for the narrow-aperture VOR ( very-high-frequency omnidirectional wireless scope ) . Test VOR ( VOT ) -Transmitter installed for proving the airborne equipment during the pre-flight cheques.– This is non to be used for any navigational information.Terminal VOR ( TVOR )* A low-powered VOR ( really high frequence omnidirectional wireless scope ) located at or near an airdrome for reaching and going pilotage. Weather Broadcast VOR ( BVOR )* Transmits voice conditions information of selected aerodomes in between the designation signals. VOR Tactical Air Navigation ( VORTAC )– A land wireless station dwelling of a collocated very-high-frequency omnidirectional wireless scope ( VOR ) and Tacan installation – can be used by civil aircraft as VOR/DME combination.– Transmitted signals of VOR and TACAN are each identified by three-letter codification transmittal and are interlocked so that pilots utilizing VOR AZ with TACAN distance can be assured that both signals being received are decidedly from the same land station. DBVORTAC ( Broadcasting Doppler VORTAC ) * A conditions airing co-located at TACAN.ERRORS AND LIMITATIONSBeacon Alignment/Ground Station Mistakes* Signal truth can be affected by mistake in the coevals of the signal and alliance of 360 radial with local magnetic North. Regular standardization of land equipment and alliance of signals are carried out with alterations of local fluctuations. Site Mistakes * VORs are sensitive to the intervention of terrain. Even adult grass may impact the directional extension of VOR signals. Propagation Mistake * Signals geting at aircraft can be distorted by specious signals that have been reflected by terrain or obstructors during the extension. * Assorted signals received in airborne equipment causes mistake in show. Airborne Equipment Mistake * Manufacturing inaccuracies and imperfectnesss in the airborne equipment produce little differences between the detected bearing and its show on the instrument. The equipment should be on a regular basis cheque and mistake contained within  ±2? . Navigation Mistake * While ciphering the entire truth of VOR signal the trouble in keeping a radial by pilot.

Children families and communities Community Violence and International Essay

Children families and communities Community Violence and International Conflict - Essay Example This essay reviews the violence and community and international level. Community violence exposes children to emotional and behavioural problems and perpetrates violence. Intervention to prevent vulnerability to violence improves the life chances and reduces violence in vulnerable communities. Community violence causes aggression, depression and anxiety among children in the community (Garbarino, Hammond, Mercy & Yung, 2004). Factors increasing risk for exposure to community violence Research shows stressful life events, behavioural problems and the family characteristics as some of the risk factors exposing children to community violence. 1. Living in lower socioeconomic areas The presence of socioeconomic resources exposes children to community violence and aggression. Historically, the African Americans are affected disproportionately by unemployment, poverty and exposure to community violence. African Americans, especially male youths, are affected significantly by the juvenile d iscrepancy and the gun crimes. People living in low socioeconomic areas  may be adversely affected by the community violence (Spencer, Fegley & Harpalani, 2003). 2. Being from a minority group Ethnic minority are disproportionately affected by violence. ... 3. Exposure to domestic violence Children exposed to domestic violence exhibit behavioural disorders like delinquency and aggression. Domestic violence causes mood and emotional disorders like anxiety and depression, and the posttraumatic symptoms of stress like sleep disturbances. Domestic violence such as sexual assault leads to sexual abuse in the community. A child interprets domestic and community violence as unsafe world, and the ‘unworthiness’ for protection in life. This engenders helplessness and leads to negative perceptions. The posttraumatic stress disorder exposes the child to community violence because they impair behavioural and social functioning (Voisin, 2007). 4. Parental substance abuse Substance abuse by parents expose children to unpredictable behaviours. Behaviour changes from loving to withdrawal that causes chaos in the community. Despite of the sufferings that these children go through, the parents are to blame for the substance abuse. Children f rom families that abuse drugs are under constant fear of physical violence or incest. The youngsters suffer from the post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depression and war crimes. Parental substance abuse affects the normal child development exposing youngsters to mental, physical and health problems (Sheidow, Gorman-Smith, Tolan & Henry, 2001). 5. Communities low in social capital The low social capital exposes children to community violence due to the reduction in accessibility to social resources, dysfunctional families and the overall fearful environment that substitutes the participation and cooperation in the community. Poverty and community violence is mediated through the availability of social institutions (Voisin,

Fine Jewelry Brand Lorraine Schwartz Research Paper

Fine Jewelry Brand Lorraine Schwartz - Research Paper Example Since she is a unique designer since she has the creativity by combining precious stones and gems like exceptional black or blue topaz diamonds, colorful jades, pink gold, sapphire, serpentine, ruby, titanium, and others to come up with an exceptional masterpiece. Her designs include engagement rings, watch, bracelets, necklace, and rings for men, women, and children. She has also managed to fit together gold in a mesh-like cloth that twists giving you contours of the body. She has taken advantage of the experience gained by her family’s predecessors, for example, she says most of her designs and creativity makes her look like those of her late mother. Lorraine E. Schwartz Inc. is the company name based in New York. The jewelry business has been part of her family for three generations but then it operated as a small business in Manhattan’s diamond trade. When compared her family business back then and hers now, she has a larger business. She took the family business in 1989 after the death of her mother, renamed the company to Lorraine Schwartz Diamonds & Fine Jewelry, and made Bergdorf Goodman the only place for selling her designed works by appointment (Cheftreks, 2013). Her breakthrough came when Hale Berry wore her designer jewelry at the SAG Awards in 2002. Since then she has been the favorite of top celebrities like Angelina Jolie, Beyoncà © Knowles, Jay-Z, Pharrell Williams, Cate Blanchet, and many others. She loves to create unique pieces from bold and rare stones using amazing artistry and styles. For instance, in 2012, she created some particular pieces all of which were so different yet made by the same person within a short period. For someone to perfect this kind of profession and master the art it takes a generation and Lorraine Schwartz proves to this. Schwartz believes in designing and earns her acclaims from merit, unlike other designers who have to pay celebrities in order to wear their jewels. She  does not also vie for a spot in the red carpet events by offering her designs as gift bags.